Farm vaccination
Pneumonia vax in cattle
Viruses
- RSV
- PI3
- BVD
- IBR
- Corona
Bacteria
- Manhaemia haemolytica
- histophilus somni
- mycoplasma spp
misc- parasitic husk
manheimia haemolytica (BRD)
- fever
- nasal discharge
- depression
- reduced appetite
- increased RR and effort
- coughing
bovine respiratory disease
- decrease in first lactation milk production
- increase in time to first calving
- reduction in bodyweight
- decreased growth
- longer fattening period
bovela – BVD live vaccine
- 3 weeks before gestation
- Revax 12m after primary
- Vax before pregnancy
Corona virus
Intra-nasal
- Can be given as young as 1-10d
- 3-6m duration
Injectable
- Older calves 1-3wks
- 6-12m duration
Intra-nasal vaccines
- RSV ± PI3
- IBR
- Can be used in face of outbreak
- Baby calves, brought in cattle
- Youngest 1-10d
- Shorter duration
Baby calves- RSV ± PI3 IN
Freshly bought in
- RSV ± PI3 IN
- IBR – IN
Sheep vaccines
Bacteria
- M haemolytica
- bibersteinia trehalose
sheep pneumonia vax
- finding dead ewes- A clas vaccines
- primary course 4-6 weeks ± boosters 12m
- from 3wks of age
clostridial vaccines
- MDA 4-6wks pre lambing
- Protect dam- annually
Neonatal scour- prevention
- Colostrum
- Prevention
- Vax of dam 3-12wks pre farrowing
EAE
- At least 4 wks pre tupping
- Over 5m of age
- Outbreak- vax whole flock
- Ongoing- just replacements
Salmonella- control
- Isoalte brought in cattle
- Isolate infected areas
- Hygiene- calving areas
- Vax- dam for colostral protection
- In face of outbreak
Lepto
- Lower conception rates
- Milk drop syndrome
- Abortion
- Retained foetal membranes
- Weak calves
- Faever
- From 8m of age
Footvax
- Prevention/face of outbreak
- Reduce CODD
- Not used in lambs
- Do not vaccinate within 6-8wks of shearing
Orf vaccines
- Admin via skin scarification
- Not used in flocks with no orf
- Vaccianate pregnant ewes 7-8wks before lambing
- Do not vaccinate ewes less than 7wks before lambing
BVD
- Control= ID and removal of PI animals from herd
MDAs through colostrum from recovered/vaccinated dams last approx. 3-10m
- Testing implications
- Immunity
- Vax
Pregnancy – 40-120d PI
TI calves likely to dev certain diseases
- D+
- Immunosupression (pneumonia)
- Reduced fertility
Mucosal disease
- PI superinfected with cytopathic BVD
- Sudden onset
- Ulcers in mouth + muzzle
- Profuse D+, shreds of gut mucosa + blood
PI calves
- Source of infection
- Antigen +Ve
- Antibody -ve
- Poor doers
- Some normal
- Often culled for poor performance
- Can dev mucosal disease
BVD- controls stratergy
BVD testing
- Youngstock screening
- Milk testing
- Tag and test
- PI hunts
- PM + swabs
Youngstock screens
- Ab testing
- Blood sample 5 calves 9-19m
- In each separately managed group- air space
- Avoids MDA
- Make sure not vaccinated
Milk testing- bulk milk samples for BVD virus
- Look for presence of PIs
- Sen to 300 ows
- Positive results – further investigatipns
PI hunt
- Look for BVCDv calf + removing
- Tag and test
- Or pooled bloods
- Testing calves = testing dam
Tag and test
- All calves born in herd tested
- Also test aborted fetus + still born
- Tissue sample for antigen
- -ve calf means dam not PI
- + ve calf doesn’t mean dam definitely PI
Antigen +ve
- Resample 3 weeks later
- +ve again = PI
- PI= antibody -ve
- Cull asap
Biosecurity
- Closed herd
- Bringing in- purchase from BVD accredited herds
- If non-BVD accredited- blood test and isolate
- Double perimeter fence
Vax all heifers and cows after screening
Cull all PI
Border disease- sheep
Can hamper BVDV control in cattle
Heifers and cows need vax before go to bull
Poor performance in equine athlete
CE
- Hands off
- Hands on
- Dynamic exam
Straight line- hard surface
Lunge on soft surface- trot, canter
Lunge on hard surface- trot, canter
Diagnostic anaesthesia
Common things common
Most forelimn lameness foot
Palmar digitcal NB- lameness localsied to foot
Foot radio
Foot balance- shoes on/off
- Dorso palmar (DP)
- Latero-medial (LM)
Upright views- DPrPaDiO
- P3 and navicular views
Skyline
Adavance imaging
- MRI
- CT
Diagnosis
- Foot imbalance
- DDFT tear
- Hoof crack
Treatment
Corrective surgery
- Improve balance
- Raised heel wedges- DDFT injury
- Stablise hoof crack
Controlled exercise rehab
Box rest
Walking exercise in hand
Management/prevention
- 6 wk shoeing/trimming cycle
- 10-15 min walk before faster work
Back/SI pain
- Not wanting to go forwards
- Buckling under saddle
- Stopping when jumping
Causes of back pain- primary
- Impinging (overriding) DSP- kissing spine
- OA of articular process joints
- Spondylosis of verterbral bodies
Secondary
- Muscle pain associated with hindlimb lameness
- Incorrect saddle fit
- Heavy or unbalanced rider
Problem list and ddx
Primary
- Oa
- Soft tissue (ligament injury)
Secondary
- Pain associated with hindlimb lameness
Radiographs
US
Diagnostic analgesia
local infiltration
- DSP
- Sacroiliac joint
Intra-articular
- Articular process joints
Treatment
medication- short term
- Corticosteroids- methylprednisolone acetate, triamcinolone acetonide
Long term- physio
Surgery- after failed med tx
Rehab exercises- increased strength multifudus muscle
GI disorders
Problem list + ddx
BCS
- EMS
Gastric ulcers?
Back pain
Poor fitting saddle/tack
Not going forwards under sadly
- Pain
Investigation
- Gastroscopy
Squamous ulceration tx
- Omeprazole
- Sucralfate
Glandular ulceration- misopronstol
Management/prevention
Feeding
- Ad lib access to forage
- Limit conc feeding
- Handful of hay/chaff before riding
- Corn oil
Management
- Daily horse-horse contact
- Limit stress
- Avoid long term NSAID use
- Avoid intense exercise during ulcer tx
Respiratory
Problem list + ddx
Respiratory
- Upper airway collapse
- Lower airway
- Mild equine asthma
- Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage
Cardiac
- Exercising arrhytmia
Muscle
- Extertional myopathy
Investigation
- Resting endoscopy
- Treadmill scope
- Dynamic endoscopy
- Tracheal wash- 20ml sterile saline
- BAL
EIPH
Resp tx
- Furosemide
- Raceday tx- Americas, Saudi
Nasal strip- flair
Ongoing monitoring
- Post exercise tracheal endoscopy
Cardiac
Problem list and ddx
Irregularly irregular heart rhythm
- Atrial fibrillation
- Av block
Systolic heart murmurs
Investigation
- Auscultation
- ECG
- Echo
Tx
Medical- oral quinidine sulphate
Surgical – TVEC
Management/prevention
- Ongoing monitoring
- Heart rthym at rest/post exercise
- Palpation
- Ausculatation
Vet exam every 6m
Muscle
Problem list and ddx
Muscle disorders
- Over exertion
- RER
- PSSM
Inbvestigation
Bloods
- AST, CK
- Rest
- Post exercise (4-6hrs)
Urine sample
Muscle biopsy- gluteal/semi-membranous
Genetic testing
- Hair pluck
- Blood sample
Diagnosis
- Significant elevation in CK + AST
- Levels post exercise
RER
Acute episode
Pain
- Phenylbutazone
- Flunixin
- Fluids
Chronic management
- Dantrolene
- Orally few hours before exercise
Management/prevention
- Regular exercise programme
- Gradual changes
- Daily pasture turnout
Diet
- Low carb, high fat
- Balanced nutrients
- Avoid stress
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